Blue energy which is also called salt gradient power (SGP) has been established in 1954 when Pattle introduced the theoretical production of electric power after the mixture of fresh and salt water streams. This theory was not proven to be feasible, however, until the team led by Sidney Loeb proposed and demonstrated the first known applications of pressure retarded osmosis (PRO). To this date, only two technologies have even reached pilot scale demonstration, and we will briefly introduce these two technologies. These are PRO and reverse electrodialysis (RED).
PRO utilizes a semi-permeable membrane placed between the two streams of different salinity, wherein water flows from the less concentrated stream towards the more concentrated one, in order to equilibriate the concentration gradient between the two solutions. RED, on the other hand, utilizes ion-exchange membranes (either anion-exchange or cation-exchange membranes), which can selectively allow negatively-charged or positively-charged ions through. This technology, using the membranes, has allowed charge separation which then leads to the formation of an electrochemical potential. Using a stack of alternately anion-exchange or cation-exchange membranes facing two streams of different salinity, electrical potential can be built up and utilized to generate electricity.
Future research on PRO & RED are expected to continue to focus on the optimization of the process and development of suitable high-performance membranes to improve the larger-scale application of this processes. Once the challenges for both PRO & RED have been addressed, implementation of PRO & RED on a larger scale may lead to an efficient utilization of blue energy and generation of salt gradient energy. Furthermore, new technologies such as capacitive systems and salt batteries are currently in development. These new technologies will only drive the research on blue energy forward, allowing us to further implement blue energy utilization.
化学工程
Desalination
Special Issue on Desalination for Industrial Applications
Desalinationis pleased to announce a new special issue on the important topic of Desalination for Industrial Applications. This special issue aims to attract submissions on the state-of-the-art research and industry developments in the application of desalination in industrial processes. With seawater and brackish water desalination now standard practice, the special issue will showcase recent challenges faced by the industry needing more sustainable means to deal with other saline streams (wastes and other process solutions) and how these are being resolved in an innovative way using desalination technology. This will address gaps in knowledge in applying desalination technology to a more diverse set of industries including thermal and membrane technologies. The special issue can cover a range or desalination applications/processes (e.g. NF, RO, MD, ED, FO, MED, MSF, etc) as well as membrane materials showing the clear link to the real industry application. The main outcome will be a collection of articles from experts worldwide together capturing an overall status of industry challenges and innovative solutions that will assist desalination researchers and industry adopters to tackle current and emerging industry challenges.”
化学工程
Desalination
Special Issue on Functional Materials for Desalination
Desalination of seawater and the treatment of waste water has become necessity processes to meet humanity needs for fresh water. The two most prominent desalination technologies are thermal and membrane-based desalination processes. There are several challenges and potential areas to improve in the existing desalination processes. Improvement efforts target to lower energy consumption and operational cost. Challenges such as selectivity, efficiency and fouling prevention can be addressed through the development and integration of functional materials in the desalination technologies. Functionality comes from innate properties of materials with unique structures that allow the material to perform certain functions of their own. Materials with properties such as magnetic, electrical, photocatalytic are being utilized to perform specific functions in desalination technologies. This special issue will present current research efforts to utilize existing functional materials and to develop new materials with special functionality and tested to improve the performance of desalination processes.
化学工程
Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification
Special Issue on 5th International Conference of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Biotechnology
International Conference of Chemical Engineering & Industrial Biotechnology or also known as ICCEIB, is a biennial conference organized by Universiti Malaysia Pahang. The 5th edition of the conference in 2020 will witness the co-hosting of this conference with City University of Hong Kong (China), Chulalongkorn University (Thailand) and also Dalian University of Technology (China). The theme for ICCEIB 2020 is “Empowering Sustainable Technological Solutions for Industry and Society”. This conference is designed to disseminate the latest research findings and advances in the chemical engineering and industrial biotechnology area to society. Specifically, it will focus on food, energy, and water nexus.
These areas have become high concerns to researchers and policy makers. Specifically, the ICCEIB 2020 aims to:
To provide a platform to the academic scientists and researchers to exchange andshare their experience in Chemical and Biotechnology through presentation and publication mechanism.
To highlight the technological application experiences and solutions for the food, energy and water concerns towards commercialisation and wealth generation for the nation.
To provide opportunities for discussion and information sharing platform for researchers from various organizations, investors, and industrialists regarding their finding, technology, policies and services.