We present Samanantar, the largest publicly available parallel corpora collection for Indic languages. The collection contains a total of 46.9 million sentence pairs between English and 11 Indic languages (from two language families). In particular, we compile 12.4 million sentence pairs from existing, publicly-available parallel corpora, and we additionally mine 34.6 million sentence pairs from the web, resulting in a 2.8X increase in publicly available sentence pairs. We mine the parallel sentences from the web by combining many corpora, tools, and methods. In particular, we use (a) web-crawled monolingual corpora, (b) document OCR for extracting sentences from scanned documents (c) multilingual representation models for aligning sentences, and (d) approximate nearest neighbor search for searching in a large collection of sentences. Human evaluation of samples from the newly mined corpora validate the high quality of the parallel sentences across 11 language pairs. Further, we extracted 82.7 million sentence pairs between all 55 Indic language pairs from the English-centric parallel corpus using English as the pivot language. We trained multilingual NMT models spanning all these languages on Samanantar and compared with other baselines and previously reported results on publicly available benchmarks. Our models outperform existing models on these benchmarks, establishing the utility of Samanantar. Our data (https://indicnlp.ai4bharat.org/samanantar) and models (https://github.com/AI4Bharat/IndicTrans) will be available publicly and we hope they will help advance research in Indic NMT and multilingual NLP for Indic languages.
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ACM/IEEE第23届模型驱动工程语言和系统国际会议，是模型驱动软件和系统工程的首要会议系列，由ACM-SIGSOFT和IEEE-TCSE支持组织。自1998年以来，模型涵盖了建模的各个方面，从语言和方法到工具和应用程序。模特的参加者来自不同的背景，包括研究人员、学者、工程师和工业专业人士。MODELS 2019是一个论坛，参与者可以围绕建模和模型驱动的软件和系统交流前沿研究成果和创新实践经验。今年的版本将为建模社区提供进一步推进建模基础的机会，并在网络物理系统、嵌入式系统、社会技术系统、云计算、大数据、机器学习、安全、开源等新兴领域提出建模的创新应用以及可持续性。
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This paper describes the development of a multilingual, manually annotated dataset for three under-resourced Dravidian languages generated from social media comments. The dataset was annotated for sentiment analysis and offensive language identification for a total of more than 60,000 YouTube comments. The dataset consists of around 44,000 comments in Tamil-English, around 7,000 comments in Kannada-English, and around 20,000 comments in Malayalam-English. The data was manually annotated by volunteer annotators and has a high inter-annotator agreement in Krippendorff's alpha. The dataset contains all types of code-mixing phenomena since it comprises user-generated content from a multilingual country. We also present baseline experiments to establish benchmarks on the dataset using machine learning methods. The dataset is available on Github (https://github.com/bharathichezhiyan/DravidianCodeMix-Dataset) and Zenodo (https://zenodo.org/record/4750858\#.YJtw0SYo\_0M).
While the computational processing of Kurdish has experienced a relative increase, the machine translation of this language seems to be lacking a considerable body of scientific work. This is in part due to the lack of resources especially curated for this task. In this paper, we present the first large scale parallel corpus of Central Kurdish-English, Awta, containing 229,222 pairs of manually aligned translations. Our corpus is collected from different text genres and domains in an attempt to build more robust and real-world applications of machine translation. We make a portion of this corpus publicly available in order to foster research in this area. Further, we build several neural machine translation models in order to benchmark the task of Kurdish machine translation. Additionally, we perform extensive experimental analysis of results in order to identify the major challenges that Central Kurdish machine translation faces. These challenges include language-dependent and-independent ones as categorized in this paper, the first group of which are aware of Central Kurdish linguistic properties on different morphological, syntactic and semantic levels. Our best performing systems achieve 22.72 and 16.81 in BLEU score for Ku$\rightarrow$EN and En$\rightarrow$Ku, respectively.
In this work, we introduce X-FACT: the largest publicly available multilingual dataset for factual verification of naturally existing real-world claims. The dataset contains short statements in 25 languages and is labeled for veracity by expert fact-checkers. The dataset includes a multilingual evaluation benchmark that measures both out-of-domain generalization, and zero-shot capabilities of the multilingual models. Using state-of-the-art multilingual transformer-based models, we develop several automated fact-checking models that, along with textual claims, make use of additional metadata and evidence from news stories retrieved using a search engine. Empirically, our best model attains an F-score of around 40%, suggesting that our dataset is a challenging benchmark for evaluation of multilingual fact-checking models.
This paper introduces a high-quality open-source speech synthesis dataset for Kazakh, a low-resource language spoken by over 13 million people worldwide. The dataset consists of about 93 hours of transcribed audio recordings spoken by two professional speakers (female and male). It is the first publicly available large-scale dataset developed to promote Kazakh text-to-speech (TTS) applications in both academia and industry. In this paper, we share our experience by describing the dataset development procedures and faced challenges, and discuss important future directions. To demonstrate the reliability of our dataset, we built baseline end-to-end TTS models and evaluated them using the subjective mean opinion score (MOS) measure. Evaluation results show that the best TTS models trained on our dataset achieve MOS above 4 for both speakers, which makes them applicable for practical use. The dataset, training recipe, and pretrained TTS models are freely available.
The notion of "in-domain data" in NLP is often over-simplistic and vague, as textual data varies in many nuanced linguistic aspects such as topic, style or level of formality. In addition, domain labels are many times unavailable, making it challenging to build domain-specific systems. We show that massive pre-trained language models implicitly learn sentence representations that cluster by domains without supervision -- suggesting a simple data-driven definition of domains in textual data. We harness this property and propose domain data selection methods based on such models, which require only a small set of in-domain monolingual data. We evaluate our data selection methods for neural machine translation across five diverse domains, where they outperform an established approach as measured by both BLEU and by precision and recall of sentence selection with respect to an oracle.
There are thousands of actively spoken languages on Earth, but a single visual world. Grounding in this visual world has the potential to bridge the gap between all these languages. Our goal is to use visual grounding to improve unsupervised word mapping between languages. The key idea is to establish a common visual representation between two languages by learning embeddings from unpaired instructional videos narrated in the native language. Given this shared embedding we demonstrate that (i) we can map words between the languages, particularly the 'visual' words; (ii) that the shared embedding provides a good initialization for existing unsupervised text-based word translation techniques, forming the basis for our proposed hybrid visual-text mapping algorithm, MUVE; and (iii) our approach achieves superior performance by addressing the shortcomings of text-based methods -- it is more robust, handles datasets with less commonality, and is applicable to low-resource languages. We apply these methods to translate words from English to French, Korean, and Japanese -- all without any parallel corpora and simply by watching many videos of people speaking while doing things.
Machine translation systems achieve near human-level performance on some languages, yet their effectiveness strongly relies on the availability of large amounts of bitexts, which hinders their applicability to the majority of language pairs. This work investigates how to learn to translate when having access to only large monolingual corpora in each language. We propose two model variants, a neural and a phrase-based model. Both versions leverage automatic generation of parallel data by backtranslating with a backward model operating in the other direction, and the denoising effect of a language model trained on the target side. These models are significantly better than methods from the literature, while being simpler and having fewer hyper-parameters. On the widely used WMT14 English-French and WMT16 German-English benchmarks, our models respectively obtain 27.1 and 23.6 BLEU points without using a single parallel sentence, outperforming the state of the art by more than 11 BLEU points.
Machine translation has recently achieved impressive performance thanks to recent advances in deep learning and the availability of large-scale parallel corpora. There have been numerous attempts to extend these successes to low-resource language pairs, yet requiring tens of thousands of parallel sentences. In this work, we take this research direction to the extreme and investigate whether it is possible to learn to translate even without any parallel data. We propose a model that takes sentences from monolingual corpora in two different languages and maps them into the same latent space. By learning to reconstruct in both languages from this shared feature space, the model effectively learns to translate without using any labeled data. We demonstrate our model on two widely used datasets and two language pairs, reporting BLEU scores of 32.8 and 15.1 on the Multi30k and WMT English-French datasets, without using even a single parallel sentence at training time.
State-of-the-art methods for learning cross-lingual word embeddings have relied on bilingual dictionaries or parallel corpora. Recent studies showed that the need for parallel data supervision can be alleviated with character-level information. While these methods showed encouraging results, they are not on par with their supervised counterparts and are limited to pairs of languages sharing a common alphabet. In this work, we show that we can build a bilingual dictionary between two languages without using any parallel corpora, by aligning monolingual word embedding spaces in an unsupervised way. Without using any character information, our model even outperforms existing supervised methods on cross-lingual tasks for some language pairs. Our experiments demonstrate that our method works very well also for distant language pairs, like English-Russian or English-Chinese. We finally describe experiments on the English-Esperanto low-resource language pair, on which there only exists a limited amount of parallel data, to show the potential impact of our method in fully unsupervised machine translation. Our code, embeddings and dictionaries are publicly available.
Given the rise of a new approach to MT, Neural MT (NMT), and its promising performance on different text types, we assess the translation quality it can attain on what is perceived to be the greatest challenge for MT: literary text. Specifically, we target novels, arguably the most popular type of literary text. We build a literary-adapted NMT system for the English-to-Catalan translation direction and evaluate it against a system pertaining to the previous dominant paradigm in MT: statistical phrase-based MT (PBSMT). To this end, for the first time we train MT systems, both NMT and PBSMT, on large amounts of literary text (over 100 million words) and evaluate them on a set of twelve widely known novels spanning from the the 1920s to the present day. According to the BLEU automatic evaluation metric, NMT is significantly better than PBSMT (p < 0.01) on all the novels considered. Overall, NMT results in a 11% relative improvement (3 points absolute) over PBSMT. A complementary human evaluation on three of the books shows that between 17% and 34% of the translations, depending on the book, produced by NMT (versus 8% and 20% with PBSMT) are perceived by native speakers of the target language to be of equivalent quality to translations produced by a professional human translator.
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