《科学》（20181130出版）一周论文导读

Science, 30 NOVEMBER 2018, VOL 362, ISSUE 6418

《科学》2018年11月30日第6418期362卷

人类学Anthropology

The earliest human occupation of the high-altitude Tibetan Plateau 40 thousand to 30 thousand years ago

人类4万至3万年前已登上青藏高原

▲ 作者：X. L. Zhang、B. B. Ha、S. J. Wang、Z. J. Chen、J. Y. Ge、H. Long，etal

▲ 链接：

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6418/1049

▲ 摘要：

中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所研究人员，公布了位于青藏高原腹地的尼阿底遗址的重大考古发现及其研究成果。

该项发现将人类首次登上青藏高原的历史推前到4万年前，书写了世界范围内史前人类征服高海拔极端环境的最高、最早的记录。

尼阿底遗址是目前世界上史前人类在高海拔地区生活的最高记录，其海拔4600米，是一处规模宏大、地层保存完好、石制品分布密集、石器技术特色鲜明的旧石器时代旷野遗址。

此前人类活动的最高遗迹发现于安第斯高原的Cuncaicha岩厦遗址，海拔4480米，年代为约1.2万年前。

▲ Abstract

The Tibetan Plateau is the highest and one of the most demanding environments ever inhabited by humans. We investigated the timing and mechanisms of its initial colonization at the NwyaDevu site, located nearly 4600 meters above sea level. This site, dating from40,000 to 30,000 years ago, is the highest Paleolithic archaeological site yet identified globally. Nwya Devu has yielded an abundant blade tool assemblage, indicating hitherto-unknown capacities for the survival of modern humans who camped in this environment. This site deepens the history of the peopling of the “roof of the world” and the antiquity of human high-altitude occupations more generally.

动物学zoology

Prolonged milk provisioning in a jumping spider

跳蛛“哺乳”时间超长

▲ 作者：Zhanqi Chen、Richard T. Corlett、Xiaoguo Jiao、Sheng-Jie Liu，etal

▲ 链接：

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6418/1052

▲ 摘要：

一些跳蛛宝宝也完全依赖母亲所分泌的富有营养的蜘蛛乳汁存活。

本研究发现，对于那些已经进入亚成年期并早已有能力自己捕食的后代，蜘蛛妈妈仍会持续照顾并喂给它们富含营养的乳状液体（其蛋白质含量是牛奶的近4倍）。

这些幼蛛会留在巢内靠蛛奶抚育长达近40天，直到其达到性成熟前不久。此外，尽管哺乳并非幼蛛在独立生活后存活的关键，但这极大地保障了它们的总体健康及存活至成年期的能力。

也许，在动物王国中，母体为后代提供乳汁的长期照顾可能比先前所认为的要更常见。

▲ Abstract

Lactation is a mammalian attribute, and the few known nonmammal examples have distinctly different modalities. We document here milk provisioning in a jumping spider, which compares functionally and behaviorally to lactation in mammals. The spiderlings ingest nutritious milk droplets secreted from the mother’s epigastric furrow until the subadult stage. Milk is indispensable for offspring survival in the early stages and complements their foraging in later stages. Maternal care, as for some long-lived vertebrates, continues after the offspring reach maturity. Furthermore, a female-biased adult sex ratio is acquired only when the mother is present. These findings demonstrate that mammal-like milk provisioning and parental care for sexually mature offspring have also evolved in invertebrates, encouraging a reevaluation of their occurrence across the animal kingdom, especially in invertebrates.

Cultural flies: Conformist social learning in fruitflies predicts long-lasting mate-choice traditions

果蝇墨守成规的社会学习预示着长期的择偶传统

▲ 作者：Etienne Danchin、Sabine Nöbel、Arnaud Pocheville、Anne-Cecile Dagaeff，et al

▲ 链接：

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6418/1025

▲ 摘要：

文化传统的社会性传播可存在于人类之外的动物之中，但人们对哺乳动物和鸟类以外的相关文化传承过程知之甚少。

新研究提出了一个动物文化的机制性概念并将其应用于黑腹果蝇的交配。

研究人员表示，雌性果蝇表现出了能从其他雌性果蝇那里快速学到择偶偏好的强烈倾向，并在选择其自身配偶时复制这些经验。

本结果提示，曾经被认为是仅存于人类及少数鸟类和哺乳动物群体中的文化，其存在范围可能要广泛得多，而且，这对物种演化具有相当大的意义。

▲ Abstract

Despite theoretical justification for the evolution of animal culture, empirical evidence for it beyond mammals and birds remains scant, and we still know little about the process of cultural inheritance. In this study, we propose a mechanism-driven definition of animal culture and test it in the fruit fly. We found that fruit flies have five cognitive capacities that enable them to transmit mating preferences culturally across generations, potentially fostering persistent traditions (the main marker of culture) in mating preference. A transmission chain experiment validates a model of the emergence of local traditions, indicating that such social transmission may lead initially neutral traits to become adaptive, hence strongly selecting for copying and conformity. Although this situation was suggested decades ago, it previously had little empirical support.

 

肿瘤学Oncology

Single-cell multiomics sequencing andanalyses of human colorectal cancer

人结直肠癌单细胞多组学测序及分析

▲ 作者：Shuhui Bian、Yu Hou、XinZhou、Xianlong Li、Jun Yong, et al

▲ 链接：

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6418/1060

▲ 摘要：

虽然基因组不稳定性、表观遗传学异常和基因表达失调是结直肠癌的标志，但这些特征并没有在单细胞分辨率下同时被分析。

通过单细胞多组学测序以及原发肿瘤、淋巴和转移肿瘤的多区域取样，研究人员得出了对超越瘤内异质性的新见解。全基因组DNA甲基化水平在单个遗传亚区内相对一致。

该研究证明了利用单细胞多组学测序重建遗传谱系并追踪其表观基因组学和转录动力学的可行性。

▲ Abstract

Although genomic instability, epigenetic abnormality, and gene expression dysregulation are hallmarks of colorectal cancer, these features have not been simultaneously analyzed at single-cell resolution. Using optimized single-cell multiomics sequencing together with multiregional sampling of the primary tumor and lymphatic and distant metastases, we developed insights beyond intratumoral heterogeneity. Genome-wide DNA methylation levels were relatively consistent within a single genetic sublineage. The genome-wide DNA demethylation patterns of cancer cells were consistent in all 10 patients whose DNA we sequenced. The cancer cells’ DNA demethylation degrees clearly correlated with the densities of the heterochromatin-associated histone modification H3K9me3 of normal tissue and those of repetitive element long interspersed nuclear element. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of reconstructing genetic lineages and tracing their epigenomic and transcriptomic dynamics with single-cell multiomics sequencing.

Human tumor genomics and zebrafish modeling identify SPRED1 loss as a driver of mucosal melanoma

人类肿瘤基因组学和斑马鱼模型确定SPRED1丢失是黏膜黑色素瘤的驱动因素

▲ 作者：Julien Ablain、Mengshu Xu、Harriet Rothschild、Richard C. Jordan, et al

▲ 链接：

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6418/1055

▲ 摘要：

起源于黏膜表面的黑色素瘤突变负担低、基因组不稳定，且预后差。

为了识别潜在的驱动基因，研究人员对43个人类黏膜黑色素瘤中数百个与癌症相关的基因进行了测序，对点突变、放大和缺失进行了分类。

结果显示，编码增殖蛋白激酶（MAPK）信号负调控因子的SPRED1基因在37%的肿瘤中失活。利用一种快速的、组织特异性CRISPR技术对斑马鱼的这些基因型进行建模，研究人员发现SPRED1发挥了肿瘤抑制作用。

这些发现为SPRED1缺陷黑素瘤中的MAPK抑制提供了理论基础，并介绍了一种斑马鱼模型方法，可更广泛地用于分析癌症遗传相互作用。

▲ Abstract

Melanomas originating from mucosal surfaces have low mutation burden, genomic instability, and poor prognosis. To identify potential driver genes, we sequenced hundreds of cancer-related genes in 43human mucosal melanomas, cataloging point mutations, amplifications, and deletions. The SPRED1 gene, which encodes a negative regulator of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, was inactivated in 37% of the tumors. Four distinct genotypes were associated with SPRED1 loss. Using a rapid, tissue-specific CRISPR technique to model these genotypes in zebrafish, we found that SPRED1 functions as a tumor suppressor, particularly in the context of KIT mutations. SPRED1 knock down caused MAPK activation, increased cell proliferation, and conferred resistance to drugs inhibiting KIT tyrosine kinase activity. These findings provide a rationale for MAPK inhibition in SPRED1-deficient melanomas and introduce a zebrafish modeling approach that can be used more generally to dissect genetic interactions in cancer.

天文学Astronomy

A gamma-ray determination of the Universe’s star formation history

确定宇宙恒星形成历史的伽马射线

▲ 作者：The Fermi-LAT Collaboration

▲ 链接：

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/362/6418/1031

▲ 摘要：

宇宙历史上所有星系发出的光产生了银河系外背景光（EBL），包括紫外线、可见光和红外线。

EBL是一种通过光子—光子相互作用产生的不透明伽马射线源，在遥远的伽马射线源光谱中留下了印记。

本研究用739个活动星系和费米大面积望远镜探测到的一个伽马射线暴测量了这种衰减。这使人们能够重建EBL的演化过程，并确定宇宙90%以上时间内恒星的形成历史。

该恒星形成历史与星系研究的独立测量结果一致，在红移z ~2处达到峰值。

▲ Abstract

The light emitted by all galaxies over the history of the Universe produces the extragalactic background light (EBL) at ultraviolet, optical, and infrared wavelengths. The EBL is a source of opacity for gamma rays via photon-photon interactions, leaving an imprint in the spectra of distant gamma-ray sources. We measured this attenuation using 739 active galaxies and one gamma-ray burst detected by the Fermi Large Area Telescope. This allowed us to reconstruct the evolution of the EBL and determine the star formation history of the Universe over 90% of cosmic time. Our star formation history is consistent with independent measurements from galaxy surveys, peaking at redshift z ~ 2. Upper limits of theEBL at the epoch of reionization suggest a turnover in the abundance of faint galaxies at z ~ 6.

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