SSD (Single Shot Multibox Detector) is one of the best object detection algorithms with both high accuracy and fast speed. However, SSD's feature pyramid detection method makes it hard to fuse the features from different scales. In this paper, we proposed FSSD (Feature Fusion Single Shot Multibox Detector), an enhanced SSD with a novel and lightweight feature fusion module which can improve the performance significantly over SSD with just a little speed drop. In the feature fusion module, features from different layers with different scales are concatenated together, followed by some down-sampling blocks to generate new feature pyramid, which will be fed to multibox detectors to predict the final detection results. On the Pascal VOC 2007 test, our network can achieve 82.7 mAP (mean average precision) at the speed of 65.8 FPS (frame per second) with the input size 300$\times$300 using a single Nvidia 1080Ti GPU. In addition, our result on COCO is also better than the conventional SSD with a large margin. Our FSSD outperforms a lot of state-of-the-art object detection algorithms in both aspects of accuracy and speed. Code is available at https://github.com/lzx1413/CAFFE_SSD/tree/fssd.

### 相关内容

SSD算法，其英文全名是Single Shot MultiBox Detector，Single shot指明了SSD算法属于one-stage方法，MultiBox指明了SSD是多框预测。

Benefit from the quick development of deep learning techniques, salient object detection has achieved remarkable progresses recently. However, there still exists following two major challenges that hinder its application in embedded devices, low resolution output and heavy model weight. To this end, this paper presents an accurate yet compact deep network for efficient salient object detection. More specifically, given a coarse saliency prediction in the deepest layer, we first employ residual learning to learn side-output residual features for saliency refinement, which can be achieved with very limited convolutional parameters while keep accuracy. Secondly, we further propose reverse attention to guide such side-output residual learning in a top-down manner. By erasing the current predicted salient regions from side-output features, the network can eventually explore the missing object parts and details which results in high resolution and accuracy. Experiments on six benchmark datasets demonstrate that the proposed approach compares favorably against state-of-the-art methods, and with advantages in terms of simplicity, efficiency (45 FPS) and model size (81 MB).

Although YOLOv2 approach is extremely fast on object detection; its backbone network has the low ability on feature extraction and fails to make full use of multi-scale local region features, which restricts the improvement of object detection accuracy. Therefore, this paper proposed a DC-SPP-YOLO (Dense Connection and Spatial Pyramid Pooling Based YOLO) approach for ameliorating the object detection accuracy of YOLOv2. Specifically, the dense connection of convolution layers is employed in the backbone network of YOLOv2 to strengthen the feature extraction and alleviate the vanishing-gradient problem. Moreover, an improved spatial pyramid pooling is introduced to pool and concatenate the multi-scale local region features, so that the network can learn the object features more comprehensively. The DC-SPP-YOLO model is established and trained based on a new loss function composed of mean square error and cross entropy, and the object detection is realized. Experiments demonstrate that the mAP (mean Average Precision) of DC-SPP-YOLO proposed on PASCAL VOC datasets and UA-DETRAC datasets is higher than that of YOLOv2; the object detection accuracy of DC-SPP-YOLO is superior to YOLOv2 by strengthening feature extraction and using the multi-scale local region features.

In recent year, tremendous strides have been made in face detection thanks to deep learning. However, most published face detectors deteriorate dramatically as the faces become smaller. In this paper, we present the Small Faces Attention (SFA) face detector to better detect faces with small scale. First, we propose a new scale-invariant face detection architecture which pays more attention to small faces, including 4-branch detection architecture and small faces sensitive anchor design. Second, feature maps fusion strategy is applied in SFA by partially combining high-level features into low-level features to further improve the ability of finding hard faces. Third, we use multi-scale training and testing strategy to enhance face detection performance in practice. Comprehensive experiments show that SFA significantly improves face detection performance, especially on small faces. Our real-time SFA face detector can run at 5 FPS on a single GPU as well as maintain high performance. Besides, our final SFA face detector achieves state-of-the-art detection performance on challenging face detection benchmarks, including WIDER FACE and FDDB datasets, with competitive runtime speed. Both our code and models will be available to the research community.

This work aims to solve the challenging few-shot object detection problem where only a few annotated examples are available for each object category to train a detection model. Such an ability of learning to detect an object from just a few examples is common for human vision systems, but remains absent for computer vision systems. Though few-shot meta learning offers a promising solution technique, previous works mostly target the task of image classification and are not directly applicable for the much more complicated object detection task. In this work, we propose a novel meta-learning based model with carefully designed architecture, which consists of a meta-model and a base detection model. The base detection model is trained on several base classes with sufficient samples to offer basis features. The meta-model is trained to reweight importance of features from the base detection model over the input image and adapt these features to assist novel object detection from a few examples. The meta-model is light-weight, end-to-end trainable and able to entail the base model with detection ability for novel objects fast. Through experiments we demonstrated our model can outperform baselines by a large margin for few-shot object detection, on multiple datasets and settings. Our model also exhibits fast adaptation speed to novel few-shot classes.

With the emergence of edge computing, there is an increasing need for running convolutional neural network based object detection on small form factor edge computing devices with limited compute and thermal budget for applications such as video surveillance. To address this problem, efficient object detection frameworks such as YOLO and SSD were proposed. However, SSD based object detection that uses VGG16 as backend network is insufficient to achieve real time speed on edge devices. To further improve the detection speed, the backend network is replaced by more efficient networks such as SqueezeNet and MobileNet. Although the speed is greatly improved, it comes with a price of lower accuracy. In this paper, we propose an efficient SSD named Fire SSD. Fire SSD achieves 70.7mAP on Pascal VOC 2007 test set. Fire SSD achieves the speed of 30.6FPS on low power mainstream CPU and is about 6 times faster than SSD300 and has about 4 times smaller model size. Fire SSD also achieves 22.2FPS on integrated GPU.

In this paper, we propose an efficient and fast object detector which can process hundreds of frames per second. To achieve this goal we investigate three main aspects of the object detection framework: network architecture, loss function and training data (labeled and unlabeled). In order to obtain compact network architecture, we introduce various improvements, based on recent work, to develop an architecture which is computationally light-weight and achieves a reasonable performance. To further improve the performance, while keeping the complexity same, we utilize distillation loss function. Using distillation loss we transfer the knowledge of a more accurate teacher network to proposed light-weight student network. We propose various innovations to make distillation efficient for the proposed one stage detector pipeline: objectness scaled distillation loss, feature map non-maximal suppression and a single unified distillation loss function for detection. Finally, building upon the distillation loss, we explore how much can we push the performance by utilizing the unlabeled data. We train our model with unlabeled data using the soft labels of the teacher network. Our final network consists of 10x fewer parameters than the VGG based object detection network and it achieves a speed of more than 200 FPS and proposed changes improve the detection accuracy by 14 mAP over the baseline on Pascal dataset.

This paper introduces an online model for object detection in videos designed to run in real-time on low-powered mobile and embedded devices. Our approach combines fast single-image object detection with convolutional long short term memory (LSTM) layers to create an interweaved recurrent-convolutional architecture. Additionally, we propose an efficient Bottleneck-LSTM layer that significantly reduces computational cost compared to regular LSTMs. Our network achieves temporal awareness by using Bottleneck-LSTMs to refine and propagate feature maps across frames. This approach is substantially faster than existing detection methods in video, outperforming the fastest single-frame models in model size and computational cost while attaining accuracy comparable to much more expensive single-frame models on the Imagenet VID 2015 dataset. Our model reaches a real-time inference speed of up to 15 FPS on a mobile CPU.

This paper aims at developing a faster and a more accurate solution to the amodal 3D object detection problem for indoor scenes. It is achieved through a novel neural network that takes a pair of RGB-D images as the input and delivers oriented 3D bounding boxes as the output. The network, named 3D-SSD, composed of two parts: hierarchical feature fusion and multi-layer prediction. The hierarchical feature fusion combines appearance and geometric features from RGB-D images while the multi-layer prediction utilizes multi-scale features for object detection. As a result, the network can exploit 2.5D representations in a synergetic way to improve the accuracy and efficiency. The issue of object sizes is addressed by attaching a set of 3D anchor boxes with varying sizes to every location of the prediction layers. At the end stage, the category scores for 3D anchor boxes are generated with adjusted positions, sizes and orientations respectively, leading to the final detections using non-maximum suppression. In the training phase, the positive samples are identified with the aid of 2D ground truth to avoid the noisy estimation of depth from raw data, which guide to a better converged model. Experiments performed on the challenging SUN RGB-D dataset show that our algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art Deep Sliding Shape by 10.2% mAP and 88x faster. Further, experiments also suggest our approach achieves comparable accuracy and is 386x faster than the state-of-art method on the NYUv2 dataset even with a smaller input image size.

Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD) is one of the fastest algorithms in the current object detection field, which uses fully convolutional neural network to detect all scaled objects in an image. Deconvolutional Single Shot Detector (DSSD) is an approach which introduces more context information by adding the deconvolution module to SSD. And the mean Average Precision (mAP) of DSSD on PASCAL VOC2007 is improved from SSD's 77.5% to 78.6%. Although DSSD obtains higher mAP than SSD by 1.1%, the frames per second (FPS) decreases from 46 to 11.8. In this paper, we propose a single stage end-to-end image detection model called ESSD to overcome this dilemma. Our solution to this problem is to cleverly extend better context information for the shallow layers of the best single stage (e.g. SSD) detectors. Experimental results show that our model can reach 79.4% mAP, which is higher than DSSD and SSD by 0.8 and 1.9 points respectively. Meanwhile, our testing speed is 25 FPS in Titan X GPU which is more than double the original DSSD.

We present a method for detecting objects in images using a single deep neural network. Our approach, named SSD, discretizes the output space of bounding boxes into a set of default boxes over different aspect ratios and scales per feature map location. At prediction time, the network generates scores for the presence of each object category in each default box and produces adjustments to the box to better match the object shape. Additionally, the network combines predictions from multiple feature maps with different resolutions to naturally handle objects of various sizes. Our SSD model is simple relative to methods that require object proposals because it completely eliminates proposal generation and subsequent pixel or feature resampling stage and encapsulates all computation in a single network. This makes SSD easy to train and straightforward to integrate into systems that require a detection component. Experimental results on the PASCAL VOC, MS COCO, and ILSVRC datasets confirm that SSD has comparable accuracy to methods that utilize an additional object proposal step and is much faster, while providing a unified framework for both training and inference. Compared to other single stage methods, SSD has much better accuracy, even with a smaller input image size. For $300\times 300$ input, SSD achieves 72.1% mAP on VOC2007 test at 58 FPS on a Nvidia Titan X and for $500\times 500$ input, SSD achieves 75.1% mAP, outperforming a comparable state of the art Faster R-CNN model. Code is available at https://github.com/weiliu89/caffe/tree/ssd .

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