Citizen-generated counter speech is a promising way to fight hate speech and promote peaceful, non-polarized discourse. However, there is a lack of large-scale longitudinal studies of its effectiveness for reducing hate speech. We investigate the effectiveness of counter speech using several different macro- and micro-level measures of over 180,000 political conversations that took place on German Twitter over four years. We report on the dynamic interactions of hate and counter speech over time and provide insights into whether, as in `classic' bullying situations, organized efforts are more effective than independent individuals in steering online discourse. Taken together, our results build a multifaceted picture of the dynamics of hate and counter speech online. They suggest that organized hate speech produced changes in the public discourse. Counter speech, especially when organized, could help in curbing hate speech in online discussions.
翻译：公民产生的反言是打击仇恨言论和促进和平、非极化言论的一个很有希望的方法,然而,缺乏对其减少仇恨言论有效性的大规模纵向研究。我们利用德国Twitter上四年来发生的180,000多次政治对话的多种宏观和微观措施调查反言的有效性。我们报告仇恨和反言的动态互动情况,并深入了解在“古典”欺凌情况下,有组织的努力是否比独立个人更有效地指导在线对话。加在一起,我们的成果形成了关于仇恨和反言在网上动态的多方面图景。它们表明,有组织的仇恨言论在公共谈话中产生了变化。反言,特别是当有组织时,有助于遏制在线讨论中的仇恨言论。
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